The current study presents a simple and cost-competitive method for the development of high-performance superhydrophobic and superoleophilic cotton fabrics coated with cadmium oxide/cerotic acid (CdO/CE)-polycaprolactone (PCL)- and cadmium oxide/stearic acid (CdO/ST)-polycaprolactone-grafted hybrid composites. X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to characterize the CdO/CE-PCL and CdO/ST-PCL and polycaprolactone-modified cotton fabrics. Using an optical contact angle meter, the wetting behavior of corrosive liquids such as coffee, milk, tea, water dyed with methylene blue, strong acids (HCl), strong alkali (NaOH), and saturated salt solution (NaCl) on the CdO-CE/ST/PCL-modified cotton fabrics is assessed as well as the durability of CdO-CE/ST/PCL-modified cotton fabrics in corrosive liquids. Data obtained from the oil-water separation experiment indicate remarkable separation efficiency with oil purity values of ≥99.97 wt %, and high permeation flux values of up to 11,700 ± 300 L m-2 h-1 are observed for surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions via a gravity-driven technique. From the data obtained, it is concluded that the nano-CdO-grafted superhydrophobic hybrid polymer composite-coated cotton fabrics (CdO-ST/(CE)/PCL/CFs) can be utilized for self-cleaning and oil/water separation applications.