This review critically examines the influence of different graphene derivatives graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the performance of cementitious composites. It systematically explores their synthesis methods, dispersion strategies, and effects on mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of concrete. Notably, the incorporation of graphene has been shown to enhance compressive strength by up to 100% with just 0.01–0.1% dosage, improve flexural strength by 35–50%, and increase tensile strength by up to 20%, while also reducing porosity and enhancing resistance to chloride ingress, sulfate attack, and thermal degradation. Despite these promising outcomes, challenges such as agglomeration, cost, and compatibility with traditional concrete mix designs hinder practical scalability. The novelty of the review lies in comparaing different graphene forms and their interaction with supplementary cementitious materials, providing insights into performance cost trade-offs and implementation potential. Research gaps related to long-term durability, environmental impact, and standardized dispersion techniques are also identified, highlighting future directions for the development of graphene-enhanced sustainable concrete.