This review elaborates the incorporation and implementation of biomimetic smart materials in responsive building structures, focusing on the development of environmental sustainable and efficient energy consumption in the construction sector. By mimicking responsive mechanisms of natural living organisms like plant movements and animal functions, biomimetic phenomenon provides an innovative solution for active environmental responsiveness in the development of building envelopes. By means of an extensive literature study on recent case studies, explores the potential utilization of biomimetic smart materials with specific characteristics such as improved thermal regulation, energy conservation, and reduction in environmental impact. Through comparison, it has been demonstrated that biomimetic materials exhibit greater strength, durability and adaptability, as well as being more environmentally friendly than traditional materials. For example, spider-silk-inspired fibers achieve tensile strengths of up to 1.5 GPa, exceeding the strength of steel, while maintaining light weight, making them ideal for high-performance structural applications. Nacre-effect compounds improve impact resistance by 50% and toughness by 60% compared to conventional compounds. In addition, the gecko-inspired adhesives offer a reversible 10 N/cm2 adhesion strength, providing durable yet easy-to-remove bonding solutions. Ultimately, this review demonstrates that biomimetic smart materials can be utilized to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of infrastructure applications by employing nature's design principles to achieve more sustainable construction practices.