Increase in demand for sustainable construction materials has led to the exploration of industrial by-products as alternatives to traditional concrete ingredients. This research focuses on the utilization of marble powder (MP) as a partial replacement for cement, aiming to enhance the mechanical and durability properties of concrete while addressing environmental concerns. Concrete mixes were prepared with varying MP content 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% to evaluate its impact on compression, flexure, elastic modules, water absorption, rapid chloride penetration, and acid resistance. The findings indicated that MP incorporation enhanced both compressive and flexural strengths; with the 10% MP Mix achieving the highest values of 29.8 MPa and 5.75 MPa, respectively. In addition, MP replacement reduced water absorption and improved durability, as seen in better resistance against acid attack and chloride ion penetration. Regression models were developed to predict compressive and flexural strengths based on the combination of cement, MP, sand, coarse aggregate, and water. The models closely aligned with experimental data, confirming their effectiveness for forecasting concrete performance. The study demonstrates that MP enhance the mechanical characteristics of concrete and contribute to the sustainable use of marble waste, offering a promising solution for the construction industry’s environmental challenges.