In this chapter adopted a critical view of the evolution of Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) in energy infrastructures from analog controls to AI augmented systems, particularly with regard to how digitalisation, automation and the integration of renewables have changed operator working practices and how systems are designed. Opportunity and development of HMIs have appeared in many forms, including SCADA, DCS, predictive analytics and the incorporation of explainable AI. Using frameworks including ISO 9241, NASA TLX and SAGAT the chapter evaluates the effectiveness of HMIs for usability, safety and trust. Using examples including smart grids and nuclear controls, HMI design is argued to also be human centred to allow energy systems to be resilient and sustainable whilst enabling operator cognition.